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Vulnerabilities in the global cobalt supply chain

The global cobalt supply chain is vulnerable to geopolitical tensions and disruptions, with risks concentrating at the mining stage and accumulating in refining and manufacturing. Disruptions can propagate through complex pathways, leading to abrupt failures. Nations with low systemic fragility but high exposure are particularly susceptible. Mitigation strategies require stage-aware, system-level coordination and multilateral cooperation.

Science, Earth & Space Sciences, Environmental Science